本文提出了一种深度学习方法，用于在历史文档的数字收集中进行图像检索和图案斑点。首先，区域建议算法检测文档页面图像中的对象候选。接下来，考虑了两个不同的变体，这些模型用于特征提取，这些变体提供了实用值或二进制代码表示。最后，通过计算给定输入查询的特征相似性来对候选图像进行排名。一项强大的实验协议评估了DOCEXPLORE图像数据库上的每个表示方案（实用值和二进制代码）的建议方法。实验结果表明，所提出的深层模型与历史文档图像的最新图像检索方法相比，使用相同的技术用于模式斑点，优于2.56个百分点。此外，与基于实价表示的相关作品相比，提议的方法还将搜索时间缩短了200倍，并且存储的成本高达6,000倍。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

在双胞胎输血综合征（TTTS）中，单座管胎盘中的异常血管吻合可能会在两个胎儿之间产生不均匀的流量。在当前的实践中，通过使用激光消融闭合异常吻合来对TTT进行手术治疗。该手术在最小的侵入性中依赖于胎儿镜检查。有限的视野使吻合术识别成为外科医生的具有挑战性的任务。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了一个基于学习的框架，用于视野扩展的体内胎儿镜框架注册。该框架的新颖性依赖于基于学习的关键点提案网络以及基于胎儿镜图像细分和（ii）不一致的同符的编码策略（i）无关的关键点。我们在来自6个不同女性的6个TTT手术的6个术中序列的数据集中验证了我们的框架，这是根据最新的最新算法状态，该算法依赖于胎盘血管的分割。与艺术的状态相比，提出的框架的性能更高，为稳健的马赛克在TTTS手术期间提供背景意识铺平了道路。

胎儿镜检查激光​​光凝是一种广泛采用的方法，用于治疗双胞胎输血综合征（TTTS）。该过程涉及光凝病理吻合术以调节双胞胎之间的血液交换。由于观点有限，胎儿镜的可操作性差，可见性差和照明的可变性，因此该程序尤其具有挑战性。这些挑战可能导致手术时间增加和消融不完全。计算机辅助干预措施（CAI）可以通过识别场景中的关键结构并通过视频马赛克来扩展胎儿镜观景领域，从而为外科医生提供决策支持和背景意识。由于缺乏设计，开发和测试CAI算法的高质量数据，该领域的研究受到了阻碍。通过作为MICCAI2021内窥镜视觉挑战组织的胎儿镜胎盘胎盘分割和注册（FETREG2021）挑战，我们发布了第一个Largescale Multencentre TTTS数据集，用于开发广义和可靠的语义分割和视频摩擦质量algorithms。对于这一挑战，我们发布了一个2060张图像的数据集，该数据集是从18个体内TTTS胎儿镜检查程序和18个简短视频剪辑的船只，工具，胎儿和背景类别的像素通道。七个团队参与了这一挑战，他们的模型性能在一个看不见的测试数据集中评估了658个从6个胎儿镜程序和6个短剪辑的图像的图像。这项挑战为创建通用解决方案提供了用于胎儿镜面场景的理解和摩西式解决方案的机会。在本文中，我们介绍了FETREG2021挑战的发现，以及报告TTTS胎儿镜检查中CAI的详细文献综述。通过这一挑战，它的分析和多中心胎儿镜数据的发布，我们为该领域的未来研究提供了基准。

本文提出了一种新的方法，该方法结合了卷积层（CLS）和大规模的度量度量，用于在小数据集上进行培训模型以进行纹理分类。这种方法的核心是损失函数，该函数计算了感兴趣的实例和支持向量之间的距离。目的是在迭代中更新CLS的权重，以学习一类之间具有较大利润的表示形式。每次迭代都会产生一个基于这种表示形式的支持向量表示的大细边缘判别模型。拟议方法的优势W.R.T.卷积神经网络（CNN）为两倍。首先，由于参数数量减少，与等效的CNN相比，它允许用少量数据进行表示。其次，自返回传播仅考虑支持向量以来，它的培训成本较低。关于纹理和组织病理学图像数据集的实验结果表明，与等效的CNN相比，所提出的方法以较低的计算成本和更快的收敛性达到了竞争精度。

目前，由精确的径向速度（RV）观察结果受到恒星活性引入的虚假RV信号的限制。我们表明，诸如线性回归和神经网络之类的机器学习技术可以有效地从RV观测中删除活动信号（由于星形/张图引起的）。先前的工作着重于使用高斯工艺回归等建模技术仔细地过滤活性信号（例如Haywood等人，2014年）。取而代之的是，我们仅使用对光谱线平均形状的更改进行系统地删除活动信号，也没有有关收集观测值的信息。我们对模拟数据（使用SOAP 2.0软件生成； Dumusque等人，2014年生成）和从Harps-N太阳能望远镜（Dumusque等，2015; Phillips等人2015; 2016; Collier训练）培训了机器学习模型。 Cameron等人2019）。我们发现，这些技术可以从模拟数据（将RV散射从82 cm/s提高到3 cm/s）以及从HARPS-N太阳能望远镜中几乎每天进行的600多种真实观察结果来预测和消除恒星活动（将RV散射从82 cm/s提高到3 cm/s）。 （将RV散射从1.753 m/s提高到1.039 m/s，提高了约1.7倍）。将来，这些或类似的技术可能会从太阳系以外的恒星观察中去除活动信号，并最终有助于检测到阳光状恒星周围可居住的区域质量系外行星。

Computational units in artificial neural networks follow a simplified model of biological neurons. In the biological model, the output signal of a neuron runs down the axon, splits following the many branches at its end, and passes identically to all the downward neurons of the network. Each of the downward neurons will use their copy of this signal as one of many inputs dendrites, integrate them all and fire an output, if above some threshold. In the artificial neural network, this translates to the fact that the nonlinear filtering of the signal is performed in the upward neuron, meaning that in practice the same activation is shared between all the downward neurons that use that signal as their input. Dendrites thus play a passive role. We propose a slightly more complex model for the biological neuron, where dendrites play an active role: the activation in the output of the upward neuron becomes optional, and instead the signals going through each dendrite undergo independent nonlinear filterings, before the linear combination. We implement this new model into a ReLU computational unit and discuss its biological plausibility. We compare this new computational unit with the standard one and describe it from a geometrical point of view. We provide a Keras implementation of this unit into fully connected and convolutional layers and estimate their FLOPs and weights change. We then use these layers in ResNet architectures on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Imagenette, and Imagewoof, obtaining performance improvements over standard ResNets up to 1.73%. Finally, we prove a universal representation theorem for continuous functions on compact sets and show that this new unit has more representational power than its standard counterpart.

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

Fruit is a key crop in worldwide agriculture feeding millions of people. The standard supply chain of fruit products involves quality checks to guarantee freshness, taste, and, most of all, safety. An important factor that determines fruit quality is its stage of ripening. This is usually manually classified by experts in the field, which makes it a labor-intensive and error-prone process. Thus, there is an arising need for automation in the process of fruit ripeness classification. Many automatic methods have been proposed that employ a variety of feature descriptors for the food item to be graded. Machine learning and deep learning techniques dominate the top-performing methods. Furthermore, deep learning can operate on raw data and thus relieve the users from having to compute complex engineered features, which are often crop-specific. In this survey, we review the latest methods proposed in the literature to automatize fruit ripeness classification, highlighting the most common feature descriptors they operate on.